Having established that the nanoparticles induced Class II antigen presentation with ovalbumin controls, the engineered oligonucleotides were introduced into the particles and the assays rerun.  As expected, introduction of bathamicin into the particles was necessary for significant antigen presentation.  
	The bathamicin seems to as a “matchmaker” for the oligonucleotide, facilitating its binding to a chaperone protein thought to be either Cytarachrome B or Talicin A.  The protein, in turn, delivers the strand directly to the nucleus, protecting it from DNAase and other resident enzymes.  Unnatural oligonucleotides such as genome HJC-1031 are particularly susceptible to degradation within the cytoplasm and thus have proven ineffective in previous vaccination trials.  The new degradable nanoparticle system combined with the bathamicin paves the way for a new “plug-and-play” type of vaccine, in which any specifically designed DNA strand can promote a desired immune response.  This general platform is already showing promise in preventing HIV and Hepatitis C, and influenza trials are underway.